Gossypol glands in older plants are also present in the phloem rays of the bark. Gossypol glands are present in all tissues of cotton plants, with the exception of the pollen and seed coat. Developmental Changes in the Morphology of the Gossypol Gland in Cotton Plants It has also been used as an antifertility agent for male patients as a pesticide to combat insect, fungal, and bacterial pests, and as an ingredient in various cosmetic products. Gossypol is a triterpenoid aldehyde that has been used in medicine for its anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic activities. The glands of cottonseeds contain mostly gossypol with traces of deoxyhemigossypol, and the glands of cotton leaves contain hemigossypolone, a gossypol derivative, and heliocides. Nectar glands are external glands that are often present on the skin, whereas internal glands (radius of 0.1–0.4 mm) are oval and spherical and are either black, brilliant yellow (orange), yellow-brown (yellowish-brown), green (red-brown), or purple depending on the species. Cotton plants possess internal and external glands. Gossypol and its derivatives, as well as other secondary metabolic products in the gossypol gland, are the main chemicals that are stored in the gossypol gland and confer its color. PCD of gossypol gland cells promotes the production and accumulation of gossypol the products of the PCD of gossypol glands might thus contribute to the production of gossypol. Previous studies in cotton have shown that programmed cell death (PCD) plays a key role in the production of gossypol glands. Several materials produced at different points throughout this process mediate the degradation of the gossypol gland primordium and the development of the gossypol gland cavity. The mechanism of gossypol gland formation involves the dissolution of gossypol gland cells into gland primordium, followed by the degradation of the gland primordium into the gossypol gland cavity.

The gossypol glands of cotton plants emerge from a mass of meristematic cells as a group of secretory cells, and mature gossypol glands consist of a subcuticular storage cavity surrounded by one to three layers of secretory cells. Several previous studies have examined the genesis and development of gossypol glands in cotton and the production and accumulation of gossypol during gossypol gland development. The toxicity of cottonseeds to humans and ruminants due to the presence of gossypol limits their use as a source of protein and oil. Gossypol is a unique secondary metabolite that can enhance the resistance of cotton plants to pests and diseases. These gossypol glands appear as black or brownish-red dots in all the tissues of cotton plants, with the exception of pollen and the seed coat. Here, we review recent research on the development of gossypol glands in Gossypium species, the regulation of the terpenoid aldehyde biosynthesis pathway, discoveries from genetic engineering studies, and future research directions.Ĭotton plants in the genus Gossypium possess pigment glands, which are often referred to as “gossypol glands”. The terpenoid aldehydes in the lysigenous glands of Gossypium species are important secondary phytoalexins (with gossypol being the most important) and one of the main defenses of plants against pests and diseases. However, only a few genes involved in the process of gland formation have been identified to date, and the molecular mechanisms underlying gland initiation remain unclear. It provides an ideal system for studying cell differentiation and organogenesis. The cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum) pigment gland is a distinctive structure that stores gossypol and its derivatives. The black dot-like structures on the surfaces of cotton organs or tissues, such as the leaves, stem, calyx, bracts, and boll surface, are called gossypol glands or pigment glands, which store terpenoid aldehydes, including gossypol. herbaceum are cultivated the rest are wild. A total of 50 species in the genus Gossypium have been described to date. Cotton refers to species in the genus Gossypium that bear spinnable seed coat fibers.

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